Broken Promises, Broken Arrows

November 1868 brought Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the 7th Calvary to a Cheyenne camp on the Washita River.  The Indians didn't take much to fighting in the winter so the village, with Black Kettle as resident didn't sight the Army until it was too late.  At dawn on November 26th, Custer  and his men attacked the camp and killed 100 Indians, including Black Kettle. 

Warriors from nearby camps heard the battle cries and forced Custer to retreat with his Indian captives, but he left 19 men under Major Joel Elliott behind.  Cut off from the main unit, the men were quickly surrounded and killed.  Custer was commended by his superiors.for his bold actions...(I am not a Custer fan btw!) and his victory seemed to have crushed the southern plains Indian rebellion.  In March 1869, Gen. Philip Sheridan reported that "the tribes were living quietly on the reservations."  Not for long...

A new threat arose from the Kiowa who were raiding the Texas Panhandle - their traditional hunting grounds..  Kiowa and Comanche had agreed to leave Texas in 1867 for reservations originally given them and resettle on barren land in Indian Territory!  (can't make this up)  In 1871, fed up with the white man's broken promises, they rebelled under Chief Satanta.  Satanta was a long-time foe of the US Army who had fought Kit Carson at Adobe Walls before.

Satanta boldy showed up at Fort Sill after a wagon train raid and boasted of having killed seven men.  Instead of rations, he was arrested, tried for murder in a Texas court and sentenced to hang until the Bureau of Indian Affairs appealed to the governor and Satanta was paroled in 1873.  Satanta then joined Comanche Quanah Parker and 700 warriors in another battle at Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874.  Against the Sharp shooting rifles of the Army, the Indians held their own for a good while.

The Kiowa and Comanche continued raids across southern plains but slowly weakened.  Satanta surrendered to prison in October 1874, where he died by suicide four years later. 

Next time...The Army's Logistics and Tactics
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Today in Pioneer History:  "On December 28, 1869,  the Knights of Labor, a labor union of tailors in Philadelphia, hold the first Labor Day ceremonies in American history. The Knights of Labor was established as a secret society of Pennsylvanian tailors earlier in the year and later grew into a national body that played an important role in the labor movement of the late 19th century.

Rising Trouble on the Plains

Black Kettle escaped the carnage of Sand Creek and fled eastward into Kansas with a few of his braves.  The old Cheyenne Chief continued to stand for peace with the whites but few heeded his words.  A common feelings was more, "What do we live for? The white man has taken our country, killed our game, was not satisfied with that, but killed our wives and children.  Now no peace.  We have raised the battle until death," as one chief said to a white man.

The year of 1864 was not over and the Sand Creek tale had spread across the plains.  In December 2,000 Cheyenne, Sioux and Arapaho braves gathered along the banks of Cherry Creek in Colorado.
Their plan was retaliation.  Three years of warfare followed, where small Indian war parties went through the grasslands, raiding settlements and wagon trains, setting houses on fire and cutting down the pioneers as they went about their daily life.

The federal government was taken by surprise with the escalating violence.  Eastern humanitarians were outraged at the massacre of Sand Creek natives.  They called for an immediate halt to the hostilities, and in 1867 (3 years late!)  Congress authorized a peace commission to meet with the tribal representatives in order to "remove the causes of war; secure the frontier settlements and railroad constructions, and establish a system for civilizing the tribes."  This peace commission took place in the fall at Medicine Lodge Creek in Kansas with leaders of Kiowa, Arapaho, Cheyenne present.

The negotiations as usual, brushed over the fundamental misunderstandings with fine words, but this time the government was determined to find a solution.  The obvious white man's view was to resettle all the Indians permanently on fixed reservations.  There were two they had in mind - the Black Hills region for northern tribes, and the Indian Territory for the southern tribes.

The terms were similar to the 1851 Horse Creek treaty - the government would provide food and supplies in exchange for the tribes promising to permit the whites free passage through these territories, allow construction of roads and railroads, stop their raiding and remain on the assigned reservation except for hunting season.

It was not a treaty either side could uphold.  It robbed the Plains Indians of their free-roaming way of life, and imposed upon the government huge financial responsibilities.  The Indians had nothing left but to fight...in 1868 the grasslands from Kansas to Texas erupted.

Next time...Custer fights in Washita
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Today in Pioneer History: "On December  26, 1820, hoping to recover from bankruptcy with a bold scheme of colonization, Moses Austin meets with Spanish authorities in San Antonio to ask permission for 300 Anglo-American families to settle in Texas.

Carson to the Rescue

General Oliver O. Howard arrived in Arizona in 1872 with orders to make peace humanely with the Apache.  A deeply religious man, Howard was respected by most men who met him, including Thomas Jeffords.  The two men went to meet Cochise together and a truce was reached.  Cochise even agreed to go on a reservation if Jeffords was appointed Indian Agent for the Chiricahua Apache tribe.  Terms were met and the war seemed over.  It had cost the United States 1000 men and $40 million.  Cochise lived out his days in peace and died on June 8, 1874 with Jeffords at his side.

Meanwhile the Apache weren't the only trouble the white settlers had in the Southwest.  The Comanche and Kiowa had always been allies against the white men and other tribes, and during the Civil War it intensified.  In 1864, while the US was dealing with Cochise, the Kiowa and Comanche attacked a wagon train on the Santa Fe Trail, taking five small boys as hostages.  Kit Carson, a Union Officer then, took off in pursuit with 350 volunteers and 75 Ute scouts. 

At Adobe Walls, an abandoned trading post in the Texas Panhandle near the Canadian River, some 1000 Comanche and Kiowa waited.  The Indian numbers were offset by the Union's two howitzers.  The volunteers made an orderly retreat after burning down a Kiowa village as a parting gesture. 
Carson claimed victory with 2 dead and 10 wounded, but later admitted he was lucky to have gotten his men out of the Canadian River Valley.

Navajo also menaced the white settlers and the peaceful Pueblo  in New Mexico.  When the US troops has withdrawn for the Civil War, their attacks became bolder until Colonel Kit Carson led 400 men against them in 1863-1864.  Carson destroyed the Navajo flocks and gardens, then invaded the Canyon de Chelly stronghold.  3000 Indians were marched 300 miles to Fort Sumner, New Mexico where they were held for four years before being moved to a reservation.  The end of another proud civilization...

Next time...Sioux in Minnesota
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Today in Pioneer History:  On November 27, 1868, after being convicted of desertion and mistreatment of soldiers earlier in the year in a military court, the government had suspended Custer from rank and command for one year.  Without bothering to identify the village or do any reconnaissance, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an early morning attack on a band of peaceful Cheyenne living with Chief Black Kettle massacring all of them.  Not a hero!